Some individuals who are incarcerated may have cognitive deficits commonly linked to criminal thinking and behavior including procriminal attitudes; procriminal associates; impulsivity; weak socialization; below-average verbal intelligence; a taste for risk; weak problem-solving or self-control skills; the early onset of antisocial behavior; poor parental practices; and deficits in educational, vocational, and employment skills. ^[1]   In addition to the social and psychological deficits individuals may bring with them to correctional facilities, some inmates may develop coping mechanisms that are suited to their current environment but may be unhealthy when they re-enter society. ^[2]   Such institutionalized behaviors include social withdrawal, diminished sense of self-worth and personal value, dependence on institutional structure and contingencies, and incorporation of the exploitative norms of prison culture. People in prison or jail who have mental illness, are developmentally disabled, or who spend a significant amount of time in solitary confinement are even more prone to developing negative and anti-social behavior patterns while they are incarcerated, factors that compound the already substantial barriers they will encounter upon release. In addition, prison diminishes the life management and daily decision-making skills needed for independent living. Improvement in such individuals' cognitive skills, behavioral patterns, and personal confidence may lead to better outcomes, including reduced criminal involvement and fewer victims, once they return home. ^[3]